Like any good non-fiction book, Tom’s The Business of History, published in May 2025, has many authoritative footnotes. These can’t be accessed in the paper edition, but if you have that you can access the footnotes here…
INTRODUCTION
1 The Gazetteer and Guide is available at www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Russian_gazetteer_and_guide/ReILAwAAQBAJ .
2 Tosdall’s 1919 review was published in the American Economic Review 9(3), 560–2 (www.jstor.org/stable/1804683).
3 A. de Geus. 1997. The Living Company. Nicholas Brearley Publishing.
4 G. Boyce and S. Ville. 2002. The Development of Modern Business. Palgrave.
5 P. Crowhurst, ‘The British Empire’ website: www.britishempire.me.uk/trade.html.
6 É. Halévy. 1949. A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1, England in 1815 (trans. E. I. Watkin and D. A. Barker), 2nd edn. Ernest Benn.
7 F. Hooper. 1948. Management Survey. Pelican.
8 D. Susskind. 2024. Growth: A Reckoning. Allen Lane.
9 J. Ben-David. 1970. The rise and decline of France as a scientific centre. Minerva 8(2), 169–79 (www.jstor.org/stable/41822018).
10 É. Halévy. 1961. A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century, vol. 2, The Liberal Awakening 1815–1830 (trans. E. I. Watkin), 2nd edn. Ernest Benn.
11 H. Mayhew. 2008 [1851]. London Labour and the London Poor (ed. R. O’Day and D. Englander). Wordsworth.
12 International Monetary Fund, ‘IMF Data’ website: https://data.imf.org/?sk=9d6028d4-f14a-464c-a2f2-59b2cd424b85&sid=1514498232936 (accessed January 2025)
GOVERNANCE
1 Corporate Governance Institute, ‘Board diversity leads to better profits’: www.thecorporategovernanceinstitute.com/insights/news-analysis/board-diversity-leads-to-better-profits/
2 University of Reading Special Collections, ‘W.H. Smith – Hambleden Collection’: https://collections.reading.ac.uk/special-collections/collections/w-h-smith-hambleden-collection/.294
3 R. Davies, P. Richardson, V. Katinaite and M. Manning. 2010. Evolution of the UK banking system. Bank of England, Quarterly Bulletin 50(4), 321–32 (www. bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/quarterly-bulletin/2010/evolution-of-the-uk-banking-system.pdf).
4 D. Lamont. 2023. Stop blaming everything on pension funds. Schroders, 28 March (www.schroders.com/en-gb/uk/intermediary/insights/stop-blaming-everything-on-pension-funds/).
5 J. Dyson. 2023. Interview by D. Martin, E. Cumming and S. P. Chan. Daily Telegraph, 22 December (www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/12/22/james-dyson-brexit-sunak-inflation-inflation-growth-economy/).
6 D. P. Sotiropoulos, J. Rutterford and C. van Lieshout. 2021. The rise of professional asset management: the UK investment trust network before WorldWar I. Business History 63(5), 826–49.
7 D. P. Sotiropoulos and J. Rutterford. 2019. Financial diversification strategies before World War I: buy-and-hold versus naïve portfolio selection. Business History 61(7), 1175–98.
8 Amundi, ‘Pioneer Fund’: www.amundi.com/usinvestors/Local-Content/Product-Pages/Pioneer-Fund/Pioneer-Fund.
9 Principles for Responsible Investment, ‘Signatory directory’: www.unpri.org/signatories/signatory-resources/signatory-directory.
10 Statista, ‘Private equity in the UK: statistics and facts’: www.statista.com/topics/9613/private-equity-in-the-uk/.
11 R. Wigglesworth. 2024. Is private equity actually worth it? FT Alphaville, 5 March (www.ft.com/content/55837df7-876f-42cd-a920-02ff74970098).
12 D. Rowland. 2019. Corporate care home collapse and ‘light touch’ regulation: a repeating cycle of failure. London School of Economics, 8 May (https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/corporate-care-homes/).
13 D. Campbell. 2019. 84% of care home beds in England owned by private firms. The Guardian, 19 September (www.theguardian.com/society/2019/sep/19/84-of-care-home-beds-in-england-owned-by-private-firms).
14 London Economic. 2024. Private equity profits from children’s homes: the dark side of Britain’s care system. London Economic, 16 September (www.thelondoneconomic.com/news/private-equity-profits-from-childrens-homes-the-dark-side-of-britains-care-system-382865/).
15 A. Gara and A. Heal. 2024. Private equity payouts fell 50% short in 2024. Financial Times, 25 December (www.ft.com/content/fefc0f14-5b7b-4eca-aa29-6156e3c4b72e).
17 L. Hannah. 2017. The London Stock Exchange 1869–1929: new bloody statistics for old? Economic History Working Paper 263/2017, London School of Economics (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83954818.pdf).
18 Statista, ‘Number of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) from 1st quarter 2007 to 3rd quarter 2024’: www.statista.com/statistics/324606/number-of-companies-on-the-london-stock-exchange-uk-quarterly/.
19 20 Hannah, ‘The London Stock Exchange 1869–1929’. D. Cannadine (ed.). 2024. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online). Oxford University Press.
21 C. Swinson. 2020. Share Trading, Fraud and the Crash of 1929: A Biography of Clarence Hatry. Routledge.
22 J. Pawlin. 2022. A very Victorian scam: the story of Ernest Terah Hooley. Insolvency Service, 2022 (https://insolvencyservice.blog.gov.uk/2022/07/21/a-very-victorian-scam-the-story-of-ernest-terah-hooley/).
23, 24 A. Watson. 1937. My Life. Ivor Nicholson & Watson.
A. Rippon. 2017. Meet Ernest Terah Hooley, the world-renowned fraudster from Derbyshire. Derbyshire Live, 24 September (www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/nostalgia/meet-ernest-terah-hooley-world-458789).
25 P. Hooley. 2014. The secret crook who owned William and Kate’s new home. Daily Express, 18 November (www.express.co.uk/news/royal/536537/Anmer-Hall-Prince-William-Duchess-of-Cambridge-Ernest-Hooley).
26 Boyce and Ville, The Development of Modern Business (see note 4 to the introduction).
27 J. G. B. Hutchins. 1960. Review of Higher Education for Business, by R. A. Gordon and J. E. Howell, and The Education of American Business Men, by F. C. Pierson. Administrative Science Quarterly 5(2), 279–95 (www.jstor.org/stable/2390781).
28 A. N. Alim et al. 2023. Record buyback spree attracts shareholder complaints. Financial Times, May 16 (www.ft.com/content/eaa1a31c-580c-405b-b438-a59504198ac8).
29 M. Kitchener and T. Levitt. 2021. Business Schools and the Public Good. Chartered Association of Business Schools (https://d1sqxrh4fb2al3.cloudfront.net/reports/chartered-abs-business-schools-and-the-public-good.pdf).
30 Hooper, Management Survey (see note 7 to the introduction). Also The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
31 British Academy, 2021, ‘Policy & practice for purposeful business’ (www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/policy-and-practice-for-purposeful-business/).
P. Polman and A. Winston, 2021, Net Positive: How Courageous Companies Thrive by Giving More Than They Take, Harvard Business Press.
32 ATT, ‘The history of income tax and HMRC’: www.att.org.uk/history-income-tax-and-hmrc.
33 T. Bell. 2023. A nice cup of tea is always welcome, but centuries ago it truly was a lifesaver. The Guardian, December 10 (www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/10/tea-drinking-good-for-body-and-soul).
34 Make it British, ‘The decline of the Lancashire cotton mills’: https://makeitbritish.co.uk/blog/lancashire-cotton-mills/.
35 D. Higgins, S. Toms and I. Filatotchev. 2015. Ownership, financial strategy and performance: the Lancashire cotton textile industry, 1918–1938. Business History 57, 97–121 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2014.977873).
36 Manchester Guardian: https://pm20.zbw.eu/mirador/?manifestId=https://pm20.zbw.eu/iiif/folder/co/059770/manifest.json.
SOCIAL
1 Boyce and Ville, The Development of Modern Business (see note 4 to the introduction).
2 Statista, ‘Number of trade union members in the United Kingdom from 1892 to 2021’: www.statista.com/statistics/287241/uk-trade-union-membership/.
3 Office for National Statistics, ‘Labour disputes; working days lost due to strike action; UK (thousands)’: www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/timeseries/bbfw/lms.
4 London Lives, ‘The Poor Law and charity: an overview’: www.londonlives.org/static/PoorLawOverview.jsp.
5 P. Thane, ‘Memorandum submitted to the House of Commons’ Health Committee Inquiry’: www.historyandpolicy.org/docs/thane_social_care.pdf.
6 R. Neate. 2023. FTSE 100 bosses ‘given average pay rise of £500,000 in 2022’. The Guardian, 22 August (www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/22/ftse-100-bosses-given-average-pay-rise-of-500000-in-2022).
7 Humanists UK. 2024. Highest number of MPs ever take secular affirmation. Humanists UK, 11 July (https://humanists.uk/2024/07/11/highest-number-of-mps-ever-take-secular-affirmation/).
8 R. Davies. 2020. A time line of modern British philanthropy. SOFII, 20 August (https://sofii.org/article/a-timeline-of-modern-british-philanthropy).
9 A. Watson. 1937. My Life. Ivor Nicholson & Watson.
10 A. Watson. 1936. The Faith of a Businessman. Ivor Nicholson & Watson.
11 G. Borthwick, D. Ellingworth, C. Bell and D. MacKenzie, 1991, ‘The social background of British MPs’, Sociology 25(4), 713–17 (www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42854921.pdf). R. Cracknell, E. Uberoi and M. Burton, 2023, ‘UK election statistics: 1918–2023, a long century of elections’, House of Commons Library, 9 August (https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7529/CBP-7529.pdf).
12 D. Pegg and P. Duncan. 2019. Revealed: one in five peers advise private business while serving in parliament. The Guardian, 31 May (www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/may/31/revealed-one-in-five-peers-advise-private-business-while-serving-in-parliament).
13 P. Vogler. 2023. Sweet and sour: how slavery, fake science and the love of profit got Britain hooked on sugar. The Guardian, 17 November (www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/nov/17/sweet-and-sour-how-slavery-fake-science-and-the-love-of-profit-got-britain-hooked-on-sugar).
14 M. Anson and M. D. Bennett. 2022. The collection of slavery compensation, 1835–43. Staff Working Paper 1006, Bank of England (www.bankofengland.co.uk/working-paper/2022/the-collection-of-slavery-compensation-1835-43).
15 L. Satre. 2005. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics and the Ethics of Business. Ohio University Press.
16 Prime Minister’s Office, Home Office and T. May. 2016. Defeating modern slavery: article by Theresa May. GOV.UK, 31 July (www.gov.uk/government/speeches/defeating-modern-slavery-theresa-may-article).
17 18 19 20 Hestia. 2024. On our streets: the changing face of modern slavery in London. Hestia, September (www.hestia.org/Handlers/Download).ashx?IDMF=d609982e-3626-4763-9f49-d46fba8a8f8f).
Asos, ‘Asos and Anti-Slavery International sign new partnership to 2025’: www.asosplc.com/news/asos-and-anti-slavery-international-sign-new-partnership-2025/.
M. Ingleby. 2020. Charles Dickens and the push for literacy in Victorian Britain. Queen Mary University of London, 10 June (www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/2020/hss/charles-dickens-and-the-push-for-literacy-in-victorian-britain.html).
D. McMenemy. 2018. Public libraries in the UK: history and values. University of Strathclyde, 6 June (https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.cilip.org.uk/resource/resmgr/cilip_new_website/plss/l1_and_l2_ethics.pdf).
ENVIRONMENT
1 M. Wolf. 2024. Britain needs more than fiscal games. Financial Times, 6 March (www.ft.com/content/dab5f449-4cfa-4c42-9270-b211f8b5d7fa). Figure 6 is adapted from this article.
2 D. Coyle. 2014. GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History. Princeton University Press.
3 E. Dickinson. 2011. GDP: a brief history. Foreign Policy, 3 January (https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/gdp-a-brief-history/).
4 Social Progress Imperative, ‘2022 Social Progress Index: executive summary’, archived 10 April 2024: https://web.archive.org/web/20240410021720/www.socialprogress.org/static/8a62f3f612c8d40b09b3103a70bdacab/2022%20Social%20Progress%20Index%20Executive%20Summary_4.pdf.
5 Ellen Macarthur Foundation website: www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org.
6 Doughnut Economics Action Lab, ‘About Doughnut Economics’: https://doughnuteconomics.org/about-doughnut-economics.
7 H. R. Bowen, 2013 [1953], Social Responsibilities of the Businessman, University of Iowa Press. See also A. Acquier, J.-P. Gond, and J. Pasquero, 2011, ‘Rediscovering Howard R. Bowen’s legacy: the unachieved agenda and continuing relevance of Social Responsibilities of the Businessman’, Business and Society 50(4), 607–46 (https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650311419251).
8 Private correspondence.
9 Charities Aid Foundation, ‘Corporate giving by the FTSE 100’: www.cafonline.org/insights/research/giving-by-the-ftse-100.
10 In E. M. Epstein and D. Votaw (eds). Rationality, Legitimacy, Responsibility: The Search for New Directions in Business and Society, pp. 116–130. Goodyear.
11 Private correspondence.
12 WHSmith, ‘Annual Sustainability Reports’: www.whsmithplc.co.uk/investors/results-reports-and-presentations/annual-sustainability-reports.
13 Unilever, ‘Unilever celebrates 10 years of the Sustainable Living Plan’: www.unilever.com/news/press-and-media/press-releases/2020/unilever-celebrates-10-years-of-the-sustainable-living-plan/.
14 European Commission, ‘Corporate sustainability reporting’: https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en.
15 GSK, ‘Responsibility reports’: www.gsk.com/en-gb/responsibility/esg-resources/.
16 BP, ‘UN Sustainable Development Goals’: www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability/data-and-how-we-report/un-sustainable-development-goals.html.
17 , 18 Polman and Winston, Net Positive (see note 43 to ‘Governance’).
UK Research and Innovation, ‘A brief history of climate change discoveries’: www.discover.ukri.org/a-brief-history-of-climate-change-discoveries/index.html.
19 Atlasail, ‘The impact of the Royal Navy on deforestation’: https://atlasail.com/en/blog/the-impact-of-the-royal-navy-on-deforestation-uG66XQZN.
20 O. Milman. 2023. Revealed: Exxon made ‘breathtakingly’ accurate climate predictions in 1970s and 80s. The Guardian, 12 January (www.theguardian.com/business/2023/jan/12/exxon-climate-change-global-warming-research).
21 A. Bamford. 2024. Report: Big Oil ‘deceived public for decades’ about recycling plastic. Sustainability Beat, 16 February (www.sustainability-beat.co.uk/2024/02/16/big-oil-plastic/).
22 D. Bartels. 1997. George Cove’s solar energy device. Material Culture Review 46(1) (https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17744).
23 The report can be read at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf.
24 United Nations, ‘The 17 goals’: https://sdgs.un.org/goals.
WEDGWOOD
1 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Wedgwood, Josiah’: www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/arts-and-crafts-biographies/josiah-wedgwood.
2 Look Up London, ‘The Wedgwood Soho Workshop’: https://lookup.london/josiah-wedgwood-soho-plaque/.
3 W. E. Gladstone. 1863. Wedgwood: an address. Wedgwood Memorial Institute (www.thepotteries.org/docs/005.htm#p.35).
4 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Wedgwood, Josiah Clement, First Baron’: www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wedgwood-josiah-clement-first-barondeg.
5 J. Kollewe. 2009. Waterford Wedgwood: 250 years of history. The Guardian, 5 January (www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jan/05/waterford-wedgwood-history.
6 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Waterford Wedgwood plc’: www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/waterford-wedgwood.
BASS
1 I. Webster, 2019, ‘The early history of Bass’, The Beertonian, 17 December (https://thebeertonian.com/2019/12/17/the-early-history-of-bass/).
Hinckley Past & Present, ‘The three brewers of Hinckley and district’: www.hinckleypastpresent.org/williambass.html.
2 Spartacus Educational, ‘Michael Bass’: https://spartacus-educational.com/PRbass.htm.
3 Burton on Trent Local History, ‘Saint Paul’s Institute and Liberal Club’: www.burton-on-trent.org.uk/category/surviving/townhall/townhall2.
4 Brewery History Society Wiki, ‘Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton Ltd’: http://breweryhistory.com/wiki/index.php?title=Bass,_Ratcliff_%26_Gretton_Ltd.
5 D. Lundy, ‘The Peerage’ website: http://thepeerage.com/p1311.htm#i13108.
HORROCKSES
1 Lancashire Post. 2018. Tycoon who changed Lancashire forever. Lancashire Post, 21 March (www.lep.co.uk/retro/tycoon-who-changed-lancashire-forever-316180).
2 Lancashire Archives, ‘Horrockses, Crewdson and Co, cotton manufacturers, Preston, Lancashire’: https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/983d0a7f-3595-3028-b3bc-2b2d15fe9447.
J. Ronson, 2017, ‘The archives of Horrockses, cotton manufacturers of Preston’, Archives Hub, 3 January (https://blog.archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/2017/01/03/the-archives-of-horrockses-cotton-manufacturers-of-preston/).
3 P. D. Swarbrick. 2014. A step back in time into Preston’s Winckley Square (part 2). Blog Preston, 20 June (www.blogpreston.co.uk/2014/06/a-step-back-in-time-into-prestons-winckley-square-part-2/).
4 Upon the Isles of the Sea, ‘Thomas Miller’: https://islesofthesea.wordpress.com/2017/04/05/thomas-miller/.
5 P. D. Swarbrick. 2015. A nostalgic journey around the former Horrocks Yard Works in Preston. Blog Preston, 13 January (www.blogpreston.co.uk/2015/01/a-nostalgic-journey-around-the-former-horrocks-yard-works-in-preston/).
6 Richard Dumbreck Singleton Trust, ‘History of Singleton’: www.singletontrust.co.uk/heritage.php.
WHSMITH
1 S. Draper. 2015. WHSmith, Broadbent Street, W1K. London’s Historic Shops and Markets, 25 January (http://londonhistoricshops.blogspot.com/2015/01/whsmith-broadbent-street-w1k.html).
2 University of Reading Special Collections, ‘W.H. Smith business archive’: https://collections.reading.ac.uk/special-collections/collections/w-h-smith-business-archive/
3 K. Baker. 2015. ‘Old Morality’ and the rise of recreational reading. Railway Museum, 19 August (https://blog.railwaymuseum.org.uk/old-morality-recreational-reading/).
4 Vauxhall History, ‘W. H. Smith’: https://vauxhallhistory.org/w-h-smith/.
5 J. Brooking-Rowe (ed.). 1901. William Lethbridge [obituary]. Trans. Devon. Assoc. 33, 34–5 (www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/DEV/Lympstone/BrookingRowe1901).
6 Encyclopedia.com, ‘W H Smith Group PLC’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/w-h-smith-group-plc.
7 Wright, G. 2025. WHSmith sells UK high street arm for £76m to Modella Capital. Retail Gazette, 28 March (www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2025/03/whsmith-sells-high-street/).
SCHWEPPES
1 Difford’s Guide, ‘Schhh… you know who; the story of Schweppes’: www.diffordsguide.com/encyclopedia/1253/bws/schhh-you-know-who-the-story-of-schweppes.
2 SpiritSchweppes blog: https://spiritschweppes.com/2014/03/03/storytelling-schweppes-since-1783.
3 London Remembers, ‘John Kemp-Welch’: www.londonremembers.com/subjects/john-kemp-welch.
4 D. L. Jones. 2011. Philipps, Sir Ivor (1861–1940), soldier, politician and businessman. In The Dictionary of Welsh Biography, online (https://biography.wales/article/s8-PHIL-IVO-1861).
5 Morning Advertiser, ‘A history of Scheweppes’: http://9b77602b67a411bd3bc2-9faaadb585f560e5e16f98bb0c787747.r3.cf3.rackcdn.com/Schweppes.pdf.
6 ESPNcricinfo, ‘George Kemp-Welch’: www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/george-kemp-welch-15985.
7 Royal Society of Arts. 1963. Sir Frederic Hooper [obituary]. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 111(5088), 989–91 (www.jstor.org/stable/41367485). Hooper’s management approach (see ‘Governance’) may have been influenced by his time at the innovative John Lewis Partnership.
PEARS
1 S. Murden. The man behind Pears’ soap. All Things Georgian, 5 July (https://georgianera.wordpress.com/2018/07/05/the-man-behind-pears-soap/).
2 Rapid Transition Alliance, ‘The first flush of transition’: https://rapidtransition.org/stories/the-first-flush-of-transition-the-rise-of-british-indoor-plumbing-and-what-it-tells-us-about-rapid-transition/.
3 Wikipedia, ‘Thomas J. Barratt’: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt.
4 B. Davenport. 2015. Thomas James Barratt: ‘the father of modern advertising’. Studied Monuments, 29 April (https://studiedmonuments.wordpress.com/2015/04/29/thomas-james-barratt-the-father-of-modern-advertising/).
5 Wisconsin Historical Society, ‘Pear’s soap’: www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Image/IM32305.
6 Print. 2014. The father of modern advertising rides again. Print, 27 June (www.printmag.com/advertising/the-father-of-modern-advertising-rides-again/).
7 Hindustan Unilever, ‘Pears’: www.hul.co.in/brands/personal-care/pears/.
COLMAN’S
1 Naked Kitchens, ‘Kitchens unpacked: the story of Colman’s Mustard’: www.nakedkitchens.com/blog/kitchens-unpacked-the-story-of-colman’s-mustard.
2 Colmans of Norwich. Unilever Information Guide 3.
3 W. Kett. 2013. The mustard revolution: the life of Jeremiah James Colman. Shine a Light, 13 December (https://shinealightproject.wordpress.com/2013/12/13/the-mustard-revolution-the-life-of-jeremiah-james-colman/).
4 M. McGhee. 2013. How brands endorsed the race to the south pole: Colman’s Mustard. Norwich HEART, 12 June (https://norwichheart.wordpress.com/2013/06/12/colmans-at-the-south-pole/).
5 University of Cambridge, Department of Biochemistry, ‘Sir Jeremiah Colman’: www.bioc.cam.ac.uk/about-us/history/the-colman-library/sir-jeremiah-colman.
6 BBC. 2024. Minister to step back after Church abuse scandal. BBC, 14 November (www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ced9w0vv57no).
7 Unilever, ‘Future-proofing Colman’s ingredients with our first UK regenerative agriculture project’: www.unilever.com/news/news-search/2024/futureproofing-colmans-ingredients-with-our-first-uk-regenerative-agriculture-project.
8 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Reckitt & Colman PLC’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/reckitt-colman-plc.
HUNTLEY & PALMERS
1 Reading Museum, ‘Huntley & Palmers timeline’: www.readingmuseum.org.uk/online-exhibitions/huntley-palmers-history/huntley-palmers-timeline.
T. Farrrell, 2014, ‘Biscuit empire: Huntley & Palmers (part I)’, Let’s Look Again, 18 December (https://letslookagain.com/2014/12/taking-the-biscuit-a-history-of-huntley-palmer/).
2 M. Allum. 2009. Antiques Roadshow expert Marc Allum on Huntley & Palmers vintage biscuit tins. Homes and Antiques, 17 September (www.homesandantiques.com/antiques/collecting-guides-antiques/collecting-guides/huntley-palmers-biscuit-tins).
3 National Museums Liverpool, ‘Tin, “Huntley & Palmers Biscuits” ’: www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/artifact/tin-huntley-palmers-biscuits.
4 J. Molyneux, 2020, ‘What life was like at one former Merseyside biscuit factory’, Liverpool Echo, 7 June (www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/what-life-like-one-former-18294597).
Guards Magazine, ‘Captain Bill Palmer CBE DL’: http://guardsmagazine.com/obits/2021%20Summer/08%20Palmer-Bill.html.
CADBURYS
1 Quakers in the World, ‘John Cadbury’: www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/16/John-Cadbury.
2 Quakers in the World, ‘Richard Cadbury’: www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/269/Richard-Cadbury.
3 Quakers in the World, ‘George Cadbury’: www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/270/George-Cadbury.
4 A. Cadbury and D. Cadbury. 2010. As Cadburys we will look to Kraft to live up to our high standards. Daily Telegraph, 20 January (www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/7029959/As-Cadburys-we-will-look-to-Kraft-to-live-up-to-our-high-standards.html).
5 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Cadbury Schweppes PLC’: www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/cadbury-schweppes-plc.
PRICES
1 Price’s Candles, ‘Heritage’: www.prices-candles.co.uk/heritage.
2 Forestry and Land Scotland, ‘Wilsontown’s history timeline’: https://forestryandland.gov.scot/learn/heritage/visit-heritage-sites/wilsontown/wilsontowns-history-timeline.
Clydesdale’s Heritage, ‘The story of Wilsontown’: https://clydesdalesheritage.org.uk/article/story-of-wilsontown/.
Forth District, ‘Wilsontown ironworks and heritage project’: www.forthdistrict.co.uk/villages-history/wilsontown/old-wilsontown/ironworks.html.
3 Christchurch City Libraries, ‘The origins of Lancaster Park’, archived 11 December 2014: https://web.archive.org/web/20141211150900/http:/my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/the-origins-of-lancaster-park/.
4 Vauxhall, Oval & Kennington, ‘Price’s Candles’: www.vauxhallandkennington.org.uk/candles.shtml.
5 B. Wilson. 2022. The irreplaceable. London Review of Books 44(12) (www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v44/n12/bee-wilson/the-irreplaceable).
6 RHS Lindley Library, ‘Mr Wilson’s Wisley: the story of a garden like no other’: www.rhs.org.uk/digital-collections/mr-wilsons-wisley.
7 Fairy Lamp Club. 2006. Price’s Patent Candle Company. Fairy Lamp Club Newsletter (39) (https://storage.snappages.site/y3h077nvhv/assets/files/Prices-Patent-Candle-Company.pdf).
8 Old Wirral, ‘Bromborough Pool’: http://oldwirral.net/bromborough_pool.html.
9 Garden Suburb Movement in Merseyside, ‘Price’s Village and Port Sunlight’, archived 3 February 2017: https://web.archive.org/web/20170203000238/http:/www.allertonoak.com/GSM/03GSMPortSunlightPrices.html.
10 Price’s Candles, ‘History’: www.pricescandles.co.za/pages/15124/history.
11 Oxford Mail. 2002. Factory site goes on sale. Oxford Mail, 24 October (www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6586283.factory-site-goes-sale/).
12 Pensions Archive, ‘Unilever pensions’: https://pensionsarchive.org.uk/our-collections/unilever-pensions/.
waring
1 British and Irish Furniture Makers Online, ‘Gillow & Company (1862–1897)’: https://bifmo.furniturehistorysociety.org/entry/gillow-company-1862-1897.
2 A. Saint. 2014. What became of Waring? Fortunes of an entrepreneur in furnishing, shopkeeping and construction. Construction History 29(1), 75–97 (www.jstor.org/stable/43856063).
KELLY’S
1 Automatic Access Limited, ‘The History of the Post Office’: www.automaticaccess.co.uk/blog/history-post-office/.
2 M. Sweeney. 2023. Post Office: Horizon scandal victims to receive £600,000 compensation each. The Guardian, 18 September (www.theguardian.com/business/2023/sep/18/post-office-horizon-scandal-victims-compensation).
3 D. Neidle, X.com post, 27 January 2024: https://x.com/DanNeidle/status/1751292892348395682.
THE FOUR PUBLISHERS
1 British Newspaper Archive, ‘Standard of Freedom’: www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/titles/standard-of-freedom/.
2 J. C. Selbin. 2016. ‘Read with attention’: John Cassell, John Ruskin, and the history of close reading. Victorian Studies 58(3), 493–521 (www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/victorianstudies.58.3.04).
3 Curiosmith, ‘Cassell Publishing’: https://curiosmith.com/pages/cassell-publishing.
4 A. Bullock. Trade marks and the 1860s origin of the word ‘gasoline’. LinkedIn, 17 April (www.linkedin.com/pulse/trade-marks-1860s-origin-word-gasoline-andrew-bullock/). Etymology disputed.
5 London Remembers, ‘Julius Salter Elias, Viscount Southwood’: www.londonremembers.com/subjects/julius-salter-elias-viscount-southwood.
6 R. J. Minney. 1954. Viscount Southwood. Odhams.
7 Spartacus Educational, ‘Horatio Bottomley’: https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbottomley.htm.
8 Hornsey Historical Society, ‘Julius Salter Elias, Viscount Southwood, 1873–1946: from office boy to press baron’: https://hornseyhistorical.org.uk/julius-salter-elias-viscount-southwood-1873-1946/.
9 A. Quinn. 2016. The Strand Magazine and its iconic cover. Magforum Blog, 31 May (https://magforum.wordpress.com/2016/05/31/the-strand-magazine-and-its-iconic-cover/).
10 A. Quinn. 2019. George Newnes and his millionaires. Magforum Blog, 25 July (https://magforum.wordpress.com/tag/george-newnes/).
11 Visit Lynton and Lynmouth, ‘The rise and fall of George Newnes’: https://visitlyntonandlynmouth.com/history-heritage/the-rise-and-fall-of-george-newnes/.
12 The Victorianist. 2013. ‘American magazines were supplanting those of native birth’. The Victorianist, 4 April (http://thevictorianist.blogspot.com/2013/04/american-magazines-were-supplanting.html).
13 Minney, Viscount Southwood.
14 Sun Printers History, ‘Why did Watford “lose the print”?’: www.sunprintershistory.com/factlose.html.
15 London Remembers, ‘(Lost) Pocahontas statue’: www.londonremembers.com/memorials/pocahontas-statue.
Heritage Gateway, ‘Historic England research records: statue of Princess Pocahontas’: www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1506422&resourceID=19191.
16 A. Beard. 2013. Nova magazine 1965–1975: a history. PhD thesis, Goldsmiths College (https://research.gold.ac.uk/id/eprint/12286/1/Redacted_HIS_thesis_BeardA_2015.pdf).
MUDIES
1 Linda Hall Library, ‘Scientist of the day: Charles Mudie’: www.lindahall.org/about/news/scientist-of-the-day/charles-mudie/.
2 J. Smith, 2023, ‘Vino and venison: Kendal’s reading associations in the eighteenth century’, Books and Borrowing 1750–1830, 20 November (https://borrowing.stir.ac.uk/vino-and-venison-kendals-reading-associations-in-the-eighteenth-century/). Population figure from the Westmorland Gazette, 9 June 1821.
3 Victorian Web, ‘Mudie’s Select Library and the form of Victorian fiction’: https://victorianweb.org/economics/mudie.html.
G. L. Griest, ‘A Victorian leviathan: Mudie’s Select Library’, Nineteenth-Century Fiction 20(2), 103–26 (www.jstor.org/stable/2932540).
BOOTS
1 Boots, ‘Boots heritage’: www.boots-uk.com/about-boots-uk/company-information/boots-heritage/.
2 John Wesley’s New Room, ‘Primitive Physic’: www.newroombristol.org.uk/primitive-physic/.
3 K. A. Morrison, 2018, ‘Zara (originally Boots the Chemist), 2–10 Pelham Street and 2 High Street, Nottingham: research and investigation’, Research Report 73-2018, Historic England (https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/7498/Zara(originallyBootstheChemist)2-10PelhamStreetand2HighStreetNottingham_ResearchandInvestigation).
D. Boyd, ‘The history of Boots the Chemist and Boots makeup compacts’, Vintage Compact Shop, 16 June
(https://thevintagecompactshop.com/blogs/antique-and-collectible-history/boots).
4 L. Broadbent. 2023. Florence Boot (1863–1952). Women Who Meant Business, 3 July (https://womenwhomeantbusiness.com/2023/07/03/florence-boot-1863-1952/).
5 Reference for Business, ‘The Boots Company PLC’: www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/2/The-Boots-Company-PLC.html.
Encyclopedia.com, ‘The Boots Company PLC’: www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/boots-company-plc.
6 K. Steenson. 2013. Nottingham’s new chancellor. University of Nottingham, 12 March (https://blogs.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscripts/2013/03/12/nottinghams-new-chancellor/).
7 E. Copeland. 2019. The nation’s chemist: a study of the Americanisation of Boots the Chemist c.1948–1966. Dissertation, University of Bristol (www.bristol.ac.uk/medialibrary/sites/history/documents/dissertations/2019_Copeland.pdf).
8 P. Hosking. 1993. Manoplax: from heart to heartbreak. The Independent, 24 July (www.independent.co.uk/news/business/manoplax-from-heart-to-heartbreak-with-millions-lost-on-its-wonder-drug-patrick-hosking-asks-whether-boots-ignored-too-many-warning-signs-in-its-enthusiasm-1487095.html).
9 Alliance Healthcare, ‘Our history’: www.alliance-healthcare.co.uk/about-us/our-history.
10 R. Harrison. 2019. Boots the Chemist: trusted brand or predatory multinational. Ethical Consumer, 24 June (www.ethicalconsumer.org/health-beauty/boots-chemist-trusted-brand-or-predatory-multinational).
11 Macmillan Cancer Support, ‘Our partnership with Boots’: www.macmillan.org.uk/about-us/working-with-us/corporate-partners/our-partners/boots.
12 Walgreens Boots Alliance, ‘History’: www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/about-us/history.
13 J. Jolly. 2022. £5bn Boots sale abandoned as potential buyers struggle toraise funds. The Guardian, 28 June (www.theguardian.com/business/2022/jun/28/5bn-boots-sale-abandoned-as-potential-buyers-struggle-to-raise-funds).
14 G. Wright. 2024. Boots owner reignites £7bn sale plan. Retail Gazette, 14 May (www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2024/05/boots-walgreens-sale/).
15 A. Morgan. 2025. Prospective Boots buyer eyes split of group amid sale talks. Retail Gazette, 28 February (www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2025/02/boots-takeover-talks/).
BRYANT & MAY
1 University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, ‘Friction match’, archived 22 April 2021: https://web.archive.org/web/20210422172406/https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/osullivan/friction_match.htm.
2 Historic England, ‘Bryant and May match factory, Bow, Greater London’: https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-imagesbryant-and-may-match-factory-bow-10984
3 Science Museum Group, ‘Bryant and May Limited 1884–1927’: https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/cp20300bryant-and-may-limited
4 National Archives, ‘Bryant and May, partnership’: https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/a8c0029f-541e-4427-b331-89723f8c940e.
5 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (see note 32 to ‘Governance’).
6 M. Oakley, 2023, ‘Match Girls Strike at Bryant and May factory: the 1888 uprising for workers’ rights in London’, East London History, 28 April (www.eastlondonhistory.co.uk/bryant-may-strike-bow-east-london/). J. Brain, 2021,
‘The Match Girls Strike’, Historic UK, 19 April (www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Match-Girls-Strike/).
7 Salvation Army, ‘ “Matches and morals”: the Salvation Army and consumer activism in the 1890s’: www.salvationarmy.org.uk/about-us/international-heritage-centre/international-heritage-centre-blog/matches-and-morals.
8 UPI, 1988, ‘Allegheny International Inc. files for Chapter 11’, UPI, 22 February (www.upi.com/Archives/1988/02/22/Allegheny-International-Inc-files-for-Chapter-11/9178572504400/).
Associated Press, ‘Allegheny International head vows comeback’, Washington Post, 22 February (www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/02/23/allegheny-international-head-vows-comeback/3e561993-b3b4-4d82-8d58-b945f1ff6ed7/).
9 Bryant & May, ‘About’: www.bryantandmay.co.uk/about/.
HARTLEYS
1 Tain & District Museum, ‘Reverend John Ross’: www.tainmuseum.org.uk/article.php?id=131.
2 D. Rigg. 2022. ‘Amazing’ village where ‘everyone waves’ is ‘going to wrack and ruin’. Liverpool Echo, 31 December (www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/amazing-village-everyone-waves-going-25870373).
3 LocalWiki, ‘History of Everton FC’: https://localwiki.org/liverpool/History_of_Everton_FC.
4 J. Howells. 2020. Jam yesterday: Hartley’s in Bermondsey. BermondseyStreet. London, September (https://bermondseystreet.london/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Jam-Yesterday-The-Hartleys-Jam-Factory-Bermondsey-Street-Back-Stories-Number-13.pdf).
5 L. E. Sayre. 1904. Food preservatives: how far are they injurious to health? Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903–) 19, 51–5 (www.jstor.org/stable/3624171).
6 My Primitive Methodists, ‘Southport Church Street Primitive Methodist Church’: www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/content/chapels/lancashire/s-lancashire/church_street_primitive_methodist_southport.
7 My Primitive Methodists, ‘Holborn Hall’: www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/content/subjects-2/primitive-methodist-history/holborn_hall.
8 MySefton, ‘Spotlight on: Christiana Hartley’: https://mysefton.co.uk/2019/11/28/spotlight-on-christiana-hartley/.
9 A. S. Peake, 1926, The Life of Sir William Hartley, Hodder and Stoughton (http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks07/0701091h.html).
My Primitive Methodists,‘Hartley, Sir William Pickles (1846–1922)’: www.myprimitivemethodists.org.uk/content/people-2/lay-people/surnames-beginning-with-h/sir_william_pickles_hartley.
T. Farrell, 2015, ‘Spread the wealth: a history of Hartley’s jam’, Let’s Look Again, 24 February (https://web.archive.org/web/20240806204321/https://letslookagain.com/2015/02/sweet-success-a-history-of-hartleys-jam/).
10 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Hillsdown Holdings, PLC’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/hillsdown-holdings-plc-0.
11 Hartley’s, ‘About Hartley’s’: www.hartleysfruit.co.uk/about-us/.
WHITELEYS
1 Murderpedia, ‘Horace George Rayner’: https://murderpedia.org/male.R/r/rayner-horace.htm.
Proceedings of the Old Bailey, ‘Horace George Rayner. Killing; Mmurder. 18th March 1907’: www.oldbaileyonline.org/record/t19070318-31.
2 L. Stratmann. 2004. Whiteley’s Folly: The Life and Death of a Salesman. Sutton.
3 The Elmbridge Hundred, ‘William Whiteley’: https://people.elmbridgehundred.org.uk/biographies/william-whiteley/.
The Whiteley London website: www.thewhiteleylondon.com.
SWIFT
1 Cycling Archives, ‘Paris – Rouen 1869’, archived 30 January 2022: https://web.archive.org/web/20220130191155/www.cyclingarchives.com/ritfiche.php?ritid=121828.
2 Sewalot, ‘James Starley: Victorian Pioneer’: https://sewalot.com/starley_sewing_machines.htm.
3 Antique Bicycles, ‘Coventry Machinists Co.’: http://coventry-machinists-co.british-ordinary-bicycles.ordinary-bicycles.antique-bicycles.net.
Coventry Transport Museum, ‘Pioneers 1868 to 1900’: www.transport-museum.com/visiting/cycle-pioneers-1868-to-1900.aspx.
4 Online Bicycle Museum, ‘1882 Coventry Machinists Co ‘Special Club’ 50” Ordinary’: https://onlinebicyclemuseum.co.uk/1883-coventry-machinists-co-special-club-50-ordinary/
5 National Cycle Museum, ‘John Kemp Starley’: www.cyclemuseum.org.uk/Cycling-History-Other.aspx?ID=8.
6 F. Malizia and B. Blocken. 2020. Bicycle aerodynamics: history, state-of-the-art and future perspectives. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 200, Paper 104134 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104134). See especially figure 4.
7 D. Rubinstein. 1977. Cycling in the 1890s. Victorian Studies 21(1), 47–71 (www.jstor.org/stable/3825934).
8 AROnline, ‘The whole story’: www.aronline.co.uk/history/the-whole-story/.
9 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Rover Group plc’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/rover-group-plc.
10 Transport for West Midlands, ‘Starley Network’: www.tfwm.org.uk/plan-your-journey/ways-to-travel/cycling-and-walking/starley-network/.
11 Cybermotorcycle.com, ‘Rover company history’: https://cybermotorcycle.com/marques/rover/rover-company.htm.
GLAXO
1 Quakers in the World, ‘William Allen’: www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/284/William-Allen.
2 McGonagall Online, ‘Beecham’s Pills’: www.mcgonagall-online.org.uk/gems/beechams-pills.
3 J. Millen. 1993. Nathan, Joseph Edward. In The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, online (https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2n3/nathan-joseph-edward).
4 R. W. Currier and J. A. Widness. 2018. A brief history of milk hygiene and its impact on infant mortality from 1875 to 1925 and implications for today: a review. Journal of Food Protection 81(10), 1713–22 (https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-186).
5 A. J. Smith, 2001, review of The Business of Medicine: A History of Glaxo, by E. Jones, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 52(4), 463 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2014575/).
GSK, ‘History and heritage’: www.gsk.com/en-gb/company/history-and-heritage/.
6 Australian Jewish Herald. 1954. Death of Mr. Alec Nathan. Australian Jewish Herald, 5 November (www.nli.org.il/en/newspapers/austjewisherald/1954/11/05/01/article/74/).
7 D. Cantor. 1996. Review of Glaxo: A History to 1962, by R. P. T. Davenport-Hines and J. Slin. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 70(1), 155–6 (https://muse.jhu.edu/article/3632).
8 Funding Universe, ‘Glaxo Holdings PLC History’: www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/glaxo-holdings-plc-history/.
9 Reuters. 2003. Glaxo loses U.S. patent case. CNN, 4 March, archived 18 November 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20041118212829/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/BUSINESS/03/04/glaxosmithkline/).
10 Save the Children, ‘GSK: corporate partner’: www.savethechildren.org.uk/about-us/who-we-work-with/corporate-partners/gsk.
11 GSK. 2022. GSK announces new global headquarters in central London. Press Release, 12 December (www.gsk.com/en-gb/media/press-releases/gsk-announces-new-global-headquarters-in-central-london/).
LEVER BROS
1 National Museums of Liverpool, ‘Who was Lady Lever?’: www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/who-was-lady-lever.
2 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Lever Brothers Company’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/lever-brothers-company.
3 B. Henriet. 2017. Hubris and colonial capitalism in a ‘model’ company town: the case of Leverville, 1911–1940. Comparing the Copperbelt, 2 October (https://copperbelt.history.ox.ac.uk/2017/10/02/hubris-and-colonial-capitalism-in-a-model-company-town-the-case-of-leverville-1911-1940-benoit-henriet/).
4 Port Sunlight Village Trust, ‘Racism, the Belgian Congo, and William Lever’, archived 4 April 2024: https://web.archive.org/web/20240404080119/www.portsunlightvillage.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/PSVT_Booklet_Racism_the_Belgian_Congo_and_William_Lever_-_V_FINAL_14.06.22.pdf.
5 J. Tierney. 2021. Report of scoping survey of the Lever Brothers’ plantations in the Solomon Islands and the Congo, 1900–1930. University of Liverpool (https://royalafricansociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/University-of-Liverpool-Scoping-Report-Lever-Bros-Plantations-in-the-Congo-and-Solomon-Islands-1900-to-1930.pdf).
6 Undiscovered Scotland, ‘William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme’: www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/l/williamlever.html?utm_content=cmp-true.
7 Cosmetics and Skin, ‘Chesebrough-Pond’s’: https://cosmeticsandskin.com/companies/chesebrough-ponds.php.
8 Private correspondence.
9 J. Stempel. 2022. Ben & Jerry’s says parent Unilever mandating silence on
Trump. USA Today, 14 February (https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2025/02/14/ben-jerrys-legal-battle-unilever-trump/78634157007/).
10 Unilever, ‘Unilever Board update’: www.unilever.com/news/press-and-media/press-releases/2025/unilever-board-update-25-02-25/.
GAMAGES
1 Britain by Car, ‘Gamage’: www.britainbycar.co.uk/holborn/412-gamage.
2 Cybermotorcycle.com, ‘Gamages department store’: https://cybermotorcycle.com/marques/gamages/gamages.htm.
3 V. Keegan. 2022. Gamages: Holborn’s pioneer department store. On London,19 February (www.onlondon.co.uk/vic-keegan-gamages-holborns-pioneer-department-store/).
4 F. H. W. Sheppard. 1980. Oxford Street: the rebuilding of Oxford Street. In Survey of Lonon, vol. 40, The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, part 2, ‘The buildings’. London County Council (www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol40/pt2/pp176-184).
5 G. Biddle-Perry. 2014. The rise of ‘the world’s largest sport and athletic outfitter’: a study of Gamage’s of Holborn, 1878–1913. Sport in History 34(2),295–317 (www.researchgate.net/publication/263547786_The_Rise_of_’The_World’s_Largest_Sport_and_Athletic_Outfitter’_A_Study_of_Gamage’s_of_Holborn_1878-1913).
6 Rennie & Co., ‘The history of Gamages and its link to Hatton Garden jewellers’: www.rennieco.com/rennie-news/the-history-of-gamages-and-its-link-to-hatton-garden-jewellers
MARTINS
1 M. Veissid & Co., ‘Martins Limited, cigar shippers, £1 shares, 1919’: https://veissid.com/product/martins-limited-cigar-shippers-1-shares-1919-nice-vignettes-gvf/.
2 L. Gosing. 2013. Arf a mo’ Kaiser: smokes for Tommy; cigarettes and soldiers, WW1. Picturing the Great War, 27 November (https://blog.maryevans.com/2013/11/smokes-for-tommy-cigarettes-and-the-british-soldier-ww1.html).
3 Word Histories, ‘’Arf a mo’, Kaiser!’: https://wordhistories.net/2019/12/20/arf-mo-kaiser/. Imperial War Museum, ‘’Arf a mo’, Kaiser!’: www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/26182.
4 On This Day in Guernsey, ‘Herm bribery case comes to court’: https://history.gg/herm-bribery-case-comes-to-court/.
5 Jerripedia, ‘Royal Hotel’: www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Royal_Hotel.
6 Encyclopedia Titanica forum, ‘News from 1935: sale of Mauretania’s fitting’: www.encyclopedia-titanica.org/community/threads/news-from-1935-sale-of-mauretanias-fitting.30440/.
Antique Collecting, 2019, ‘M for Mauretania in sale’, Antique Collecting, 26 September: https://antique-collecting.co.uk/2019/09/26/m-for-mauretania-in-sale/.
7 A. Rive. 1929. A brief history of the regulation and taxation of tobacco in England. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine 9(1), 1–12 (www.jstor.org/stable/1920374).
8 Smoking in England, ‘Top-line findings’: https://smokinginengland.info/graphs/top-line-findings.
9 Tobacoo Tactics, ‘Foundation for a Smoke-Free World’: www.tobaccotactics.org/article/fsfw/.
10 M. Labiak. 2024. Marlboro owner sells UK inhaler firm over backlash. BBC, 18 September (www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gdpzqp15eo).
11 Statista, ‘Tobacco duty tax receipts in the United Kingdom from 2000/01 to2023/24’: www.statista.com/statistics/284329/tobacco-duty-united-kingdom-hmrc-tax-receipts/.
HOVIS
1 Foods of England, ‘Wheatgerm Breads’: www.foodsofengland.co.uk/wheatgermbreads.htm.
2 Mills Archive Trust, ‘John Figgis Morton (1872–1958)’: https://new.millsarchive.org/2020/11/25/john-figgis-morton-1872-1958-or-mr-hovis-and-the-triumph-of-advertising-brown-bread/.
3 Geograph, ‘Hovis Mill, Macclesfield’: www.geograph.org.uk/photo/3164936.
M. Nevell, 2019, ‘Seasonal archaeology: Union Flour Mill, Macclesfield’, Archaeologytea, 25 October (https://archaeologytea.wordpress.com/2019/10/25/seasonal-archaeology-union-flour-mill-macclesfield/).
4 A. Treneman. 2013. Finding the Plot: A Hundred Graves to Visit Before You Die. Robson Press.
5 Ghostsigns, ‘The enduring mystery of the Peterkin Custard ghost sign’: https://ghostsigns.co.uk/2021/01/the-enduring-mystery-of-the-peterkin-custard-ghost-sign/.
6 Rank Foundation, ‘About us’: https://rankfoundation.com/who-we-are/history/.
P. Beard, 2018, ‘Hõvis: your baker bakes it’, Phil Beard, 28 September (http://buttes-chaumont.blogspot.com/2018/09/hovis-your-baker-bakes-it.html).
7 Blue Arrow, ‘Working with Hovis’: www.bluearrow.co.uk/great-places-to-work/working-with-hovis/.
8 P. Beard. 2009. Today’s recipe. Phil Beard, 13 May (https://buttes-chaumont.blogspot.com/2009/05/todays-recipe.html).
9 BFI Screenonline, ‘Rank, J. Arthur (1888–1972)’: www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447127/index.html.
10 Nostalgia Central, ‘Nimble’: https://nostalgiacentral.com/pop-culture/food-drink/nimble/.
11 12 Joseph Rank Trust website: www.ranktrust.org.
Talking Retail, 2008. Hovis to adopt Nimble into brand. Talking Retail, 12 December (www.talkingretail.com/products-news/grocery/hovis-to-adopt-nimble-into-brand-12-12-2008/).
13 A. North. 2021. Exceptional costs force Hovis into the red with £6.3m loss. British Baker, 4 October (https://bakeryinfo.co.uk/finance/exceptional-costs-force-hovis-into-the-red-with-63m-loss/660420.article).
14 D. Riley. 2024. Hovis profits and turnover soar under new management team. British Baker, 27 March (https://bakeryinfo.co.uk/finance/hovis-profits-and-turnover-soar-under-new-management-team/689749.article).
15 UK Flour Millers, ‘Flour and bread consumption’: www.ukflourmillers.org/flourbreadconsumption.
Federation of Bakers, ‘About the bread industry’: www.fob.uk.com/about-the-bread-industry/.
16 Museum of English Rural Life, ‘Ranks Hovis McDougall Ltd.’: https://merl.reading.ac.uk/collections/ranks-hovis-mcdougall-ltd/.
LYONS
1 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Gluckstein’: www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/gluckstein.
2 English Heritage, ‘Lyons, Sir Joseph (1847–1917)’: www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/joseph-lyons/.
3 London Remembers, ‘Cadby Hall’: www.londonremembers.com/subjects/cadby-hall.
4 Kzwp.com, ‘J. Lyons & Co.: the bakery department’: www.kzwp.com/lyons1/bakery.htm.
T. Harding, ‘Salmon and Gluckstein’, archived 29 March 2024: https://web.archive.org/web/20240329045025/https://www.thomasharding.com/salmonandgluckstein.
5 T. Harding. 2022 [2010]. Legacy: The Remarkable History of J Lyons and theFamily Behind It. Penguin Random House.
6 Kzwp.com, ‘J. Lyons & Co.: origins of the company’: www.kzwp.com/lyons1/directors.htm.
DUNLOP
1 Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Australia). 1936. Invention of the pneumatic tire. Morning Bulletin, 9 July (https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/54964822).
2 L. Lunney. 2009. Dunlop, John Boyd. In The Dictionary of Irish Biography, online (www.dib.ie/biography/dunlop-john-boyd-a2849).
3 L. Lunney. 2009. Du Cros, William Harvey. In The Dictionary of Irish Biography, online (www.dib.ie/biography/du-cros-william-harvey-a2790).
4 British Heritage Travel, ‘The secrets of King Edward VII’: https://britishheritage.com/history/edward-vii-secrets.
5 C. Baker. 2021. The du Cros Motor Ambulance Convoy. The Long, Long Trail, 26 April (www.longlongtrail.co.uk/the-du-cros-motor-ambulance-convoy/).
6 L. Lunney. 2009. Du Cros, Sir Arthur Philip. In The Dictionary of Irish Biography, online (www.dib.ie/biography/du-cros-sir-arthur-philip-a2789).
7 Britannica Money, ‘Dunlop Holdings PLC’: www.britannica.com/money/Dunlop-Holdings-PLC.
8 Du Cros, Arthur. 1938. Wheels of Fortune: A Salute to Pioneers. Chapman and Hall (https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.184704).
9 F. Amatori and F. Lavista. 2007. A troubled international merger: Pirelli Dunlop union (1970–1981). Bocconi University (https://ebha.org/ebha2007/pdf/AmatoriLavista.pdf).
10 A. Chandrasekhar. 2023. Rubber drives ‘at least twice’ as much deforestation as previously thought. Carbon Brief, 18 October (www.carbonbrief.org/rubber-drives-at-least-twice-as-much-deforestation-as-previously-thought).
MACKINTOSH
1 Calderdale Museums, ‘A Trip to Toffee Town’: https://museums.calderdale.gov.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/toffee-town-online.
2 Toffee Town, ‘Timeline’: www.toffeetown.org.uk/timeline/.
3 Calderdale Museums, ‘A Trip to Toffee Town’.
4 T. Farrell. 2016. A. J. Caley of Norwich. Let’s Look Again, 1 March (https://letslookagain.com/2016/03/caley-of-norwich/).
5 Encyclopedia.com, ‘Rowntree Mackintosh’: www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/rowntree-mackintosh.
BRITISH PETROLEUM
1 BP, ‘Our history’: www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/who-we-are/our-history/early-history.html.
2 Stanmore Tourist Board, ‘William Knox D’Arcy’: www.stanmoretouristboard.org.uk/william_knox_darcy.html.
3 American Aristocracy, ‘Donald Smith, Lord Strathcona (1820–1914)’: https://americanaristocracy.com/people/donald-smith.
4 Encyclopaedia Iranica, ‘Cadman, John’: www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cadman-john.
5 Statista, ‘Oil production of BP from 2015 to 2023, by region’: www.statista.com/statistics/270013/daily-regional-production-of-bp/.
N. Reiff, 2024, ‘10 biggest oil companies’, Investopedia, 8 November (www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/010715/worlds-top-10-oil-companies.asp).
6 H. Agnew, T. Wilson and M. Moore. 2024. BP shareholders expect it to scaleback climate target. Financial Times, 6 May (www.ft.com/content/88c8b435-7bed-4b75-ae0e-0d2673e08305).
7 Global Witness, ‘What BP could do with its £580m wartime Russian oil profits’: www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/stop-russian-oil/what-bp-could-do-with-its-580m-wartime-russian-oil-profits/.
8 S. Jack and F. Masud. 2025. BP shuns renewables in return to oil and gas. BBC, 26 February (www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c3374ekd11po).
WATSON’S SKIPPERS
1 Jayne’s Genealogical Gleanings, ‘The old salt: William Duncan Anderson, 1838–1916’: https://jaynefamhist.wordpress.com/fireside-stories/the-old-salt-william-duncan-anderson-1838-1916/.
2 Imperial War Museum, ‘Angus Watson And Co Ltd’: www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/48356.
3 Pensions Archive, ‘Unilever pensions’: https://pensionsarchive.org.uk/our-collections/unilever-pensions/.
4 K. L. Mackenzie. 1927. Canned fish. Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute 48(6), 283–9 (https://doi.org/10.1177/146642402704800603).
5 M. Matlach. 2010. Angus Watson and Co. Limited. COSGB, 12 September (http://cosgb.blogspot.com/2010/09/angus-watson-and-co-limited.html).
6 Norwegian Printing Museum and Norwegian Canning Museum, ‘Angus Watson: a man and a brand’: www.iddis.no/en/events/angus-watson.
AFTERWORD
1 T. Levitt. 2018. The Company Citizen. Taylor & Francis.