These are the web links associated with the footnotes for The Courage to Meddle. All the links worked in January 2020 (except where stated).
1 – https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/09/23/woman-behind-elizabeth-warrens-blueprint-presidency/
2 – The Roosevelt I Knew, 1946
Chapter 1 – The First 40 Years
3 – Frances’ New York Times obituary, 1965
4 – https://www.jstor.org/stable/3402181
5 – Toynbee Hall and the American Settlement Movement, Robert C Reinders, Social Service Review March 1982 – https://www.jstor.org/stable/30011537?; https://www.toynbeehall.org.uk/about-us/our-history/
6 – http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/chicago-population/
7 – Frances Perkins and the Flowering of Economic and Social Policies, by Gordon Berg, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41843308
8 – In her oral history Frances says that it was Taylor’s son, her contemporary, also called Graham, whose passion for unions enthused her: http://publications.newberry.org/faith-in-the-city/essays/graham-taylor-and-chicago-commons. She observes that British unions helped working men win both the vote and political representation; in USA men had both before they had unions.
9 – Columbia 1.1.9. Columbia University holds 5,631 pages of transcripts of Frances’ oral histories. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/nny/perkinsf/introduction.html. Further references refer to Columbia x.x.xx
10 – People at Work p41
11 – https://www.thoughtco.com/ellen-gates-starr-biography-3530385 and https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starr-ellen-gates-1859-1940
12 – https://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1603.html
13 – Personal Correspondence from Sarah Peskin, Frances Perkins Center
14 – https://www.thoughtco.com/womens-trade-union-league-wtul-3530838
15 – Some accounts say that Frances met Mary in 1918 or later. Frances recalls that they met when Mary was ‘first married’, which would be 1910 (Columbia 2.1.86ff). She stayed with Mary in Long Island for a few weeks during the first world war
16 – https://fdr4freedoms.org/wp-content/themes/fdf4fdr/DownloadablePDFs/II_HopeRecoveryReform/10_FrancesPerkins.pdf
17 – http://www.russellsage.org/sites/all/files/Kellogg_The%20Pittsburgh%20District_0.pdf
18 – von Drehle, 2003; Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library reference 5709mf. One role for the ‘mink set’ was to stand bail for women strikers and protestors who got arrested
19 – Columbia 3.1.50. Morgenthau Jr had dropped out of both his father’s preferred school and Cornell, probably due to dyslexia. He volunteered for a few weeks before taking a job at a typewriter company (says Levy). His early career was heavily subsidised by his father
20 – AFL-CIO is today’s US equivalent of Britain’s Trade Union Congress
21 – https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/history/lang–en/index.htm
22 – A carbon copy of the typed letter is in the State Archives, Albany
23 – https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/mono-regsafepart07
24 – Columbia 1.1.278 Frances’ recollection is that the call related to the Triangle fire, but that trial was over by December 1911 and no one went to prison.
25 – Frances’ view. Columbia 1.1.420
26 – Columbia 1.1.169
27 – https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/orphanage-widows-pension/
28 – https://unwritten-record.blogs.archives.gov/2019/03/14/john-purroy-mitchel-the-boy-mayor-of-new-york/
29 – Columbia 1.1.414; https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/moskowitz-belle
30 – https://www.nps.gov/thri/john-mitchell.htm
31 – Columbia 2.1.19
32 – This story is widely but incompletely reported. This version relies on several sources including Perkins’ 1952 oral account (Columbia 1.1), Rome Historical Society’s ‘Annals and Recollections’ (October 1998), http://jervislibrary.org/naming_of_rome.html, Rome’s deputy archivist and local residents
33 – http://www.onlinebiographies.info/ny/onei/spargo-ja.htm (link failed January 2020)
34 – https://romesentinel.com/stories/violent-1919-strike-caused-chaos-in-rome,74407?
35 – https://libraries.catholic.edu/special-collections/archives/collections/finding-aids/finding-aids.html?file=mitchell
36 – Columbia 2.1.150
Chapter 2 – The Roaring Twenties
37 – Columbia 2.1.528
38 – Columbia 2.1.388-392
39 – Columbia 2.1.441
40 – Frances compares Warm Springs to England’s Buxton spa. Columbia 5.1.132
41 – https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/christian-socialism-in-british-politics/
42 – Mitchell, D, Tread the City’s Streets Again
43 – http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/gnxp/2008/12/episcopalians-vs-jews/#.XU7H7i2ZMWo
Chapter 3 – It’s the Economy, Stupid
44 – People at Work (1934)
45 – Columbia 4.1.457
46 – https://www.fdrlibrary.org/perkins
47 – Columbia 3.1.367
48 – https://www.nps.gov/gate/learn/historyculture/robert-moses-biography.htm
49 – Columbia 3.1.251
50 – https://whorulesamerica.ucsc.edu/power/social_security.html
51 – Watson is best known for his 1943 prediction that the world would one day have a market for ‘maybe five computers’, though there is no evidence that he ever said it
52 – Ware, Beyond Suffrage p47
53 – From her obituary by Charles Wyzanski, New York Times
54 – Columbia 4.1.360
55 – Columbia 4.1.301
56 – Tucker, R, Fearless Frances
57 – Frances never owned a radio throughout her life. Columbia 2.1.561
58 – https://barnardarchives.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/mary-harriman-rumsey-05/
59 – http://spinzialongislandestates.com/HARRIMAN%20RUMSEY.pdf
60 – Columbia 5.1.372
61 – Columbia 1.1.141
62 – From Suffrage to the Senate, an Encyclopaedia of American Women in Politics, by Suzanne O’Day Schenken, ABC-CLIO, 1999
63 – Levy, p146
64 – Columbia 8.1.509
65 – Columbia 8.1.525, quoting a book by Grace Tully, FDR’s secretary
66 – Columbia 8.1.544
67 – https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/women-industry-service
68 – https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/mary-la-dame-1884-1972/
69 – https://law.library.cornell.edu/sites/default/files/CLS2006MyronTaylor.pdf. In her Columbia memoir (6.1.157ff) Frances claims that this meeting was not pre-planned
70 – Frances Perkins and the German-Jewish Refugees, 1933–1940, by Bat-Ami Zucker, American Jewish History 89/1, 2001 https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886205?
71 – From a speech to the Frances Perkins Center by Charles Wyzanski’s son and namesake in 2015 https://vimeo.com/137560728
72 – Columbia 6.1.230
73 – https://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/people/hall-of-fame/detail/milton-hershey. Milton Hershey instigated a building programme involving 600 men to counter the depression. Frances was aware of the Cadbury and Rowntree stories and some smaller scale equivalents in Philadelphia
Chapter 4 – Madame Secretary Goes to Work
74 – https://www.ssa.gov/history/fpbiossa.html
75 – Women in Industry, an Historical Survey, Frances Perkins, Independent magazine, 1937
76 – Eleanor Roosevelt and Women in the New Deal: A Network of Friends by Frances M Seeber, in Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4, Fall 1990. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20700155
77 – Columbia 1.1.183
78 – This was addressed in an equally unsuccessful 1953 proposal, a version of which finally became law in 1972.
79 – Barker-Benfield, 1998
80 – https://www.thoughtco.com/eleanor-roosevelt-1779802
81 – https://livingnewdeal.org/tag/frances-perkins/
82 – Molly Dewson also told this story, of herself (Ware, p10)
83 – https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/19024
84 – The Frances Perkins Center publication Women and the Spirit of the New Deal contains potted biographies of 100 key women and lists 100 more (2019)
85 – Columbia 4.1.224
86 – Wallace served the entire time except for a few months in 1940 as VP candidate
87 – Columbia 4.1.340
88 – Columbia 4.1.410-415
89 – Columbia 5.1.363-373
90 – Columbia 5.1.510-527
91 – https://spartacus-educational.com/USARnra.htm, Columbia 5.1.555
92 – https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-us1918-45&month=0107&week=a&msg=kDh5MbgY5NDDzaxYuWNMpQ&user=&pw=
93 – Columbia 7.1.102
94 – Columbia 6.1.255ff
95 – Columbia 1.1.58
96 – The VP didn’t deputise until 1967
97 – Columbia 6.1.330
98 – Columbia 6.1.381
99 – Frances Perkins’ Interest in a New Deal for Blacks, Henry Guzda, Monthly Labor Review 103/4 (1980). https://www.jstor.org/stable/41841218
100 – Olson, p286
101 – Kaye, p101
102 – Columbia 8.1.341ff
103 – Kaye, p45
104 – The book was compiled from her speeches and articles by a ‘woman who needed a job’ but Frances was so disappointed with the outcome she rewrote it. Columbia 9.1.2
Chapter 5 – The World Outside America
105 – Dorothy Thompson’s book, I met Hitler, was published in 1932
106 – https://www.fdrlibrary.org/perkins
107 – https://www.jstor.org/stable/41817795
108 – Workers’ resistance against Nazi Germany at the International Labour Conference 1933, Reiner Tosstorff, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_dialogue/—actrav/documents/publication/wcms_226941.pdf
109 – Columbia 6.1.19 – Winant’s Cotton Textile Board report: https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2WhxAGbN8gEC&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA1
110 – Letter from Grosvenor Square, JG Winant, and https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/history/lang–en/index.htm
111 – https://www.ilo.org/global/publications/world-of-work-magazine/articles/ilo-in-history/WCMS_161813/lang–en/index.htm
112 – Gromyko became Ambassador to US in 1943, taking part in the multilateral conferences that ended World War 2. He held Roosevelt in high regard but laughed off suggestions that FDR had been a socialist. He was Ambassador to US, UK and UN in turn and then foreign minister for almost 30 years. As nominal Head of State he supported the reforms of his successor, Mikhail Gorbachev
113 – Columbia 8.1.609ff
114 – Columbia 8.1.636ff. Frances’ memoir says Aneurin Bevan, but he was health minister. Ernest Bevin was Frances’ direct opposite number. The two names are often confused
115 – The New Deal to the New Frontier, Dorothy Lewis, Marxist-Leninist Quarterly, 1963, via the Encyclopaedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line. https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/periodicals/mlq-us/one-1-3.htm Almost a million votes were taken in 1936 by Unity, the populist group based on the politics of Francis Townsend, the right wing Father Coughlin and the late Huey Long
116 – Badger, 1989
117 – From The Roots of Social Security, Frances’ 1962 speech to the US Social Security Administration
118 – Lewis, op. cit.
119 – Gorbachev was speaking to the author privately in 2002
Chapter 6 – 1935 and All That
120 – Frances Perkins, in Labor Under the New Deal and the New Frontier, a lecture she gave at UCLA in 1963. The ‘New Frontier’ was JFK’s 1960 campaign slogan
121 – https://whorulesamerica.ucsc.edu/power/social_security.html
122 – Or possibly the telegram was from Frances – https://www.ssa.gov/history/bioaja.html
123 – A Fierce Determination to Improve: Social Security and IBM, Paul C Lascewicz, in A Promise to All Generations, Ed. Breiseth and Downey
124 – https://www.ssa.gov/history/reports/ces/cesbookapen13.html
125 – https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csz3rm (may not be available outside UK)
126 – Different sources disagree on these figures, possibly due to different ways of calculating them, though all are of this order
127 – Following WW1 most widowed mothers with young children were the (white) widows of veterans, so this issue was uncontroversial. It was only after WW2 that ‘unmarried mothers’, poor and not necessarily white, became stigmatised
128 – Columbia 7.1.392
129 – https://rooseveltinstitute.org/frances-perkins-force-behind-social-security/
130 – http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrsocialsecurityact.htm
131 – https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=49&page=2039#
132 – Columbia 7.1.40
133 – 1940, Perkins vs Lukens Steel. The ‘8 hour’ provision was removed in 1985 although the ’40 hour’ rule remains.
134 – A CIO founder, previously a rare general union within AFL, was the International Ladies Garment Workers Union. Reduced to 25,000 members by the depression, it reached 300,000 in the mid-1930s. The CIO leadership was balanced between the Jewish Hillman and the occasionally antisemitic Lewis (Columbia 8.1.424-426)
135 – Columbia 1.1.71
136 – Columbia 6.1.110-140. Frances denied ever calling the strike ‘right and legal’ as reported. Although she maintained that the strike itself was legal she thought that the occupation of the premises could be challenged in law. Backed by the President, she fell out with VP Garner who wanted Federal troops to break the strike
137 – Badger, op. cit.
138 – Frances Perkins, Isador Lubin, and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Joseph P Goldberg, Monthly Labor Review 103/4, 1980 https://www.jstor.org/stable/41841217
139 – Columbia 6.1.229ff
140 – https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/our-history/commissioners-and-directors/james-l-houghteling
141 – https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/our-history/commissioners-and-directors/james-l-houghteling
142 – Columbia 6.1.515
143 – A later House document, of 3rd April, 1939, is clearly entitled Dismissal of Impeachment Proceedings Against Frances Perkins https://exhibitions.library.columbia.edu/exhibits/show/perkins/immigration—impeachment/impeachment
144 – In 1958 Bridges won an unrelated case in Nevada, after he and his Japanese bride were denied a marriage licence. As a result the state ban on mixed-race marriage was lifted
145 – Zucker, op.cit.
146 – Columbia 7.1.466ff
147 – Father Coughlin was a long term critic, balancing Father John Ryan, who overtly backed Roosevelt in 1936 and gave the benediction at FDR’s January 1945 inauguration ceremony
148 – Zucker, op. cit.
149 – https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/1/27/14412082/refugees-history-holocaust
150 – https://www.facinghistory.org/defying-nazis/america-and-holocaust
151 – https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/1/27/14412082/refugees-history-holocaust
152 – http://enc.wymaninstitute.org/?p=329
153 – https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501690
154 – https://qz.com/553393/a-survey-of-americans-on-jewish-refugees-in-the-1930s-shows-history-is-repeating-itself/
155 – Levy, pp351-5
156 – https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/breckinridge-long
157 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Refugee_Board
158 – Some Germans were interred in US from 1939 but only if apprehended either on the high seas or on German vessels in US ports. A million Germans and Italians resident in US from 1940 had to register and carry papers. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501690
159 – Columbia 7.1.902
160 – https://time.com/4584910/eleanor-roosevelt-pearl-harbor/ That broadcast was recalled by Hillary Clinton, visiting ground zero in New York in the aftermath of 9/11, in 2001
161 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55NCElsbjeQ. See also Saturday Evening Post of May 29th, 1943, the icon-ridden Norman Rockwell version of ‘Rosie’, based on ‘Isiah’ in Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04VNBM1PqR8
ADDITION: Naomi Parker, who died in 2018 at the age of 96, has been identified as a possible original model for the Rosie drawing: https://www.history.com/news/rosie-the-riveter-inspiration
162 – Sarah Peskin of the Frances Perkins Center, private communication
163 – Columbia 2.1.89
164 – https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/harry-hopkins-1890-1946/
165 – https://www2.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/hopkins-harry.cfm
166 – In 1937, in the days between Barbara’s death and her funeral, Hopkins and daughter Diana stayed at Frances’ Georgetown home (Columbia 7.1.541). In June, 1939, Eleanor invited the 8-year old to spent an hour with Queen Elizabeth (wife of George VI), in full regalia, before an official meal which Frances attended. 7.1.549
167 – Columbia 7.1.553
168 – https://www.historynet.com/harry-hopkins-president-franklin-d-roosevelts-deputy-president.htm
169 – Hopkins’ and Lubin’s notes eventually led to a 1,000-page book, Roosevelt and Hopkins, by Robert Sherwood, in 1948. Columbia 7.1.533
Chapter 7 – The Final Chapter…s
170 – Columbia 8.1.759ff
171 – Columbia 8.1.776
172 – Winifred Wannasee interviewed Susanna in the early 1990s but she died before writing her planned book. Her notes are in the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library. Susanna died in 2003
173 – Christopher Breiseth, personal correspondence
174 – http://francesperkinscenter.org/portfolio_page/frances-perkins-on-the-20-bill/ and https://edition.cnn.com/2019/03/06/politics/harriet-tubman-20-dollar-bill-trump/index.html
175 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_performances_by_Margot_Fonteyn#1960s
176 – From papers at Columbia University
177 – Winifred Wannasee papers, op. cit.
178 – Uncredited newspaper clipping, Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library
179 – Quoted in The Spiritual Foundation of the New Deal, Donn Mitchell, in The Promise of Generations, in Breiseth and Downey
180 – Susannah claimed one third of the copyright and royalties of the Josephsons’ book
181 – Columbia 3.1.358
182 – When driving out to consider routes for the Parkway in his adapted car Roosevelt would often take his neighbour, Henry Morgenthau Jr, with him. Levy, p141
183 – Levy, p189
184 – Columbia 3.1.275
185 – Alter, p234
186 – Columbia 7.1.528
187 – Pacific North West Quarterly 62/1, 1971
188 – Kaye, p25
189 – Columbia 3.1.323 (other formulations exist)
190 – Frances Perkins and the Health Care Struggle, Charles Hoffacker, Frances Perkins Center, http://francesperkinscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/July-2016-Newsletter-2.pdf
191 – https://www.commondreams.org/views/2019/03/26/honoring-frances-perkins-mother-social-security
192 – https://www.socialprogress.org
193 – Columbia 8.1.12
194 – Incoming cabinet members told Truman that women inhibited complex debate so Truman appointed none to his Cabinet
195 – https://www.britannica.com/place/Alamogordo
196 – https://www.thedailybeast.com/us-planned-to-drop-12-atomic-bombs-on-japan
197 – Columbia 8.1.767
198 – Reported in ‘The Religious Intelligencer’, 1826
199 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfAzi6D5FpM
200 – https://www.ulster.ac.uk/news/2017/june/ulster-university-research-reveals-attitudes-to-abortion-in-northern-ireland
201 – https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/religious-denomination/episcopal-church/views-about-abortion/
202 – http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Diamond_Match_Company
203 – There’s no independent record of Frances having business with the Diamond Match Company (based in distant Ohio). Her 1952 oral history does mention a Diamond Candy Company in New York, where she was based
204 – Frances’ Columbia reflections in the 1950s were not always accurate. In 3.1.337 she reports that Belle Moskowitz (who died in 1933) urged her to support Wilkie in 1940
205 – Columbia 2.1.240
Chapter 8 – Perkins in Perspective
206 – Berg, op.cit.
207 – Columbia 2.1.470
208 – Columbia 4.1.280-282
209 – https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/child-labour-exploitations-referrals-rise-figures-latest-a7752116.html
210 – https://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_child_labour.html
ADDITIONAL – (Feb 2020) update on sustainable cocoa: https://innovationforum.co.uk/articles/sustainable-cocoa-a-manifesto-for-change
211 – https://smallbusiness.chron.com/breaking-child-labor-laws-61008.html
212 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage#Countries_by_minimal_wage_to_average_wage_ratio
213 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States (and elsewhere)
214 – https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/790910/20_years_of_the_National_Minimum_Wage_-_a_history_of_the_UK_minimum_wage_and_its_effects.pdf and https://www.livingwage.org.uk/what-real-living-wage
215 – https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/jul/29/uk-deep-poverty-study-austerity
216 – https://eh.net/encyclopedia/hours-of-work-in-u-s-history/
217 – History of Workplace Safety in the United States, 1880-1970, Aldrich, M, 2018 https://eh.net/?s=factory+safety
218 – https://www.osha.gov/oshstats/commonstats.html – 2018 figures
219 – http://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/fatals.htm – 2018-19 figures
220 – https://data.oecd.org/gga/general-government-spending.htm
221 – https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_007901/lang–en/index.htm
222 – https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-comment/2018/11/the-progressive-case-against-ubi
223 – https://www.newscientist.com/article/2193136-universal-income-study-finds-money-for-nothing-wont-make-us-work-less/
224 – https://www.cbpp.org/poverty-and-opportunity/commentary-universal-basic-income-may-sound-attractive-but-if-it-occurred
225 – https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2015/12/02/which-countries-have-the-highest-levels-of-poverty-for-pensioners-infographic/#3b4b9604216f
226 – https://www.forbes.com/sites/teresaghilarducci/2018/03/02/americas-unusual-high-rates-of-old-age-poverty-and-old-age-work/#4433c493458a
227 – https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/dec/09/pensioner-poverty-rises-bnefites-freeze
228 – Columbia 5.1.385-418
229 – https://blog.dol.gov/2017/03/01/12-stats-about-working-women
230 – https://www.catalyst.org/research/women-in-the-workforce-united-states/
231 – https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2017/12/05/10-facts-about-american-women-in-the-workforce/
232 – Women and the Economy: researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06838/SN06838.pdf (March 2019) – 30 percent was reached in October 2019
233 – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_the_United_States
234 – https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/2/478?download=true
235 – https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=30116
236 – Columbia 3.1.281-2 (Legree is a fictional slave driver, in Uncle Tom’s Cabin)
237 – Tread the City’s Streets Again, Mitchell, op. cit.
238 – ESG = Environment, social and governance investment criteria
239 – Columbia 6.1 highlights several examples
240 – http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/910313.stm
241 – https://www.fashionrevolution.org/about/, https://knowthechain.org
242.- https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/
243 – People at Work, p258